![]() However, in general, the opening and extensive exploitation of new extraction sites is difficult and very slow due to environmental, sustainability and social issues. The report also considers possible new sources of CRMs (i.e., mines), located within European territories - mainly lithium and carbon - and indicated as a way to reduce dependence on external suppliers and supply risk. This industry is expanding in EU as witnessed by the commitment towards Gigafactories, so the supply of raw battery materials is a not negligible issue, especially considering that the materials that are explicitly mentioned in CRMs’ analysis affect directly the lithium-ion ones. ![]() Recently, CIC energiGUNE has been committed to study and develop this technology to promote the penetration in the market for both portable and stationary applications, in collaboration with leading companies in the field, like CEGASA.Ĭritical Raw Materials (CRM) are elements, or groups of elements, listed as economically and strategically important for the European Union (EU), used in large as well as specialty industries, for which the economic importance is also associated with a high supply risk (see Figure below).Īccording to the latest release in 2020, there are currently 30 elements/groups listed as critical, and the battery industry is highly affected by this list. Moreover, zinc-air batteries offer competitive energy and power densities, and one of the lowest dependencies from CRMs today. The intrinsic advantages of these batteries are the use of a cheap and easily recyclable anode active material (zinc), a non-toxic and non-flammable aqueous electrolyte (KOH solution), and oxygen (from environmental air) as cathode active material. ![]() Recently, they have been reviewed, and considered as a valid alternative for future rechargeable batteries in the post lithium-ion era. Among metal-air batteries, zinc-air batteries are the most advanced nowadays, and are already commercially available (TRL 9) as a primary battery for small hearing-aid devices. ![]()
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